NEW YORK – Light bulb makers have revamped some plants, shuttered others and invested enormous sums of money in preparation for a technological shift that they believe will revolutionize the industry.
Yet the fact that the incandescent bulb, which has remained largely unchanged for more than a century, is about to become obsolete is lost on the vast majority of the public.
The phase-out of the iconic light bulb begins in three years as part of the energy bill signed in 2007. They will be edged out by light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, made from semiconductors, and compact fluorescent bulbs, known by their twisty, tubular shape.
New regulations require, for instance, that a typical 100-watt bulb be replaced by one that provides the same amount of light with 72 watts. Light bulbs will have to be even more efficient by 2020.
The author of the energy bill's lighting provision, Sen. Jeff Bingaman, D-N.M., said at the time that incandescents "will be virtually obsolete" by 2014.
Osram Sylvania, one of the world's largest bulb producers, commissioned a survey to find out if the public agreed, only to find out 80 percent of Americans don't know the light bulb, as we know it, is on the way out.
Major bulb manufacturers and retailers are meeting in Dallas this week to find ways to incorporate LEDs into more products, but have been in transition mode for years.
General Electric has closed lighting plants in Brazil, Mexico and the U.S., and Osram Sylvania is modifying existing plants.
The European Union will start phasing incandescent bulbs out this September.
Specialty incandescent bulbs – such as those used in appliances – will be available on a limited basis.
The cost of switching over to LEDs and compact fluorescents could be a jolt to some consumers.
Royal Philips Electronics introduced a line of LEDs in Europe last year for about $90. General Electric's base LED bulb sells for about $35 to $40.
Prices will come down as technology improves, said Charlie Jerabek, president and chief executive of Osram Sylvania.
And the new bulbs do eventually pay off, economically and in efficiency.
A recent study by Rensselaer Polytechic Institute estimates global financial savings from LEDs could exceed $10 trillion within 10 years because they last much longer.
Americans keep about 73 million lights on every day for a period of between four and 12 hours, with about 28 million powered by energy-efficient bulbs, according to the Department of Energy.
The new lighting standards coming online are expected to lower consumers' annual electricity bills by $13 billion in 2020.
Incandescent bulbs, invented by Thomas Edison more than 120 years ago, brighten a room by heating a metal filament in a vacuum, but waste large amounts of heat.
Compact fluorescent bulbs contain a gas that reacts with electricity to create invisible ultraviolet light. When that light hits material inside the bulb, it is converted into ordinary light.
But some people find the light from compact bulbs harsh, and the fluorescents contain toxic mercury, meaning they shouldn't simply be thrown in the trash.
LEDs emit very little heat, do not contain mercury like compact fluorescent bulbs, are about 40 percent more efficient, and if installed correctly last for more than 50,000 hours.
So far only 12 percent of Osram Sylvania's business comes from LEDs. The company plans to market LED bulbs for home use within three months.
For lighting engineers, the LED has become the new playground. They can be designed to change colors and have multiple applications, from mood lighting in the living room to the harsh environent of a rock concert stage.
"The way we interact with lighting systems is going to change dramatically," said the American Lighting Association's Terry McGowan. "It's limited only by your imagination, or your budget."
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